How Diamond Myths Were Created
Templesman Tours
Clinton-Kennedy Connections to Blood Diamonds
Jackie Kennedy's connection to Blood Diamonds
July 11, 1994Vol. 42No. 2 The Man Who Loved Jackie
By Elizabeth Gleick
With Savvy, Cultivated Maurice Tempelsman, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis at Long Last Found a Safe Haven—and Serenity
From PEOPLE Magazine
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AS JACQUELINE KENNEDY ONASSIS'S cancer progressed last winter, she went to an Upper East Side doctor for a C.A.T. scan ever few weeks. She would arrive at 7 a.m. cloaked in a hooded cape for anonymity and always accompanied by her longtime companion, Maurice Tempelsman. While he checked to make sure no one was in the waiting room, Jackie would remain outside on the sidewalk. Then he would bring her in on his arm.
On each visit Tempelsman carried a small bag containing Jackie's breakfast, which she ate after the procedure. One morning Jackie could barely wait. "I'm really hungry," she told one of the doctor's aides after her C.A.T. scan. "Would you bring Mr. Tempelsman here?"
"Gee, I hope he hasn't eaten your breakfast," the aide teased. "But I'm sure he wouldn't. He's a special person."
Jackie just smiled. "Oh, yes," she said simply. "He is."
Toward the end of a life marked by extremes—extraordinary triumphs, numbing tragedy, unwanted fame—such understatement suited Jackie just fine. No matter that the rest of the world knew Tempelsman—if it knew him at all—as a colorless businessman as unprepossessing as Jackie was captivating. No matter that Maurice Tempelsman, 64, did not have the dash of a Jack Kennedy or the flash of an Ari Onassis. With Maurice—a still-married, slightly overweight diamond merchant—Jackie seemed to have found that rarest of gems: a genuine soul mate. With him she shared her family, her home, her conversation and her laughter. "With Maurice," says attorney Samuel Pisar, an old acquaintance of the couple, "everything slowed down. She was at peace with him."
Like Jackie, Maurice Tempelsman is a deeply private person. And like Jackie, he has a wide-ranging and erudite love of the arts. But most important, according to interviews with longtime friends and business associates, for Jackie, Tempelsman may have been the right man at the right time—and the man with whom she shared her longest ongoing relationship. When Jackie, emotionally battered by the difficult final years of her marriage to Aristotle Onassis, set out to create an independent life for herself in New York City, Maurice offered essential support where it mattered most: he helped ensure her financial security, delighted in her work as a book editor and gingerly took on the role of surrogate parent—and grandparent. What Jackie needed after more than two decades in the harshest of spotlights, according to a man who knew her for many years, was "understanding, stability and serenity. Maurice was the perfect man to offer it."
Maurice Tempelsman was born in Antwerp, Belgium, on Aug. 26, 1929, the son of Leon and Helene Tempelsman, both Orthodox Jews. Maurice and his younger sister Rachel spent their early years in the Jewish quarter of this port city, where their father was in the import business. Like their neighbors, the family spoke Yiddish at home. In 1940, the Tempelsmans fled the Nazis and settled in Manhattan's Upper West Side in a close-knit refugee community. Rachel Gotlieb, a childhood friend, remembers that as a teenager Maurice was bookish and "on the timid side" but resourceful, always scrambling to do odd jobs.
It was among this group that Tempelsman met his wife, Lilly Bucholz, a woman two years his senior who had fled Antwerp with her family. Lilly, according to Gotlieb, was a more observant Jew than Maurice, but that did not prevent the couple from marrying in the late '40s. They have three children, Rena, 40, Leon, 38, and Marcy, 33.
By the time of his marriage, Tempelsman, who never graduated from college, had joined his father in a new business: Leon Tempelsman and Son, Inc., diamond merchants. "I had an inner conflict about whether I really liked business," Maurice told FORTUNE in 1982, "and part of me still wonders."
But when it comes to diamonds, Tempelsman is nothing short of a visionary. In 1950 he created a new marketing niche by persuading the U.S. government to stockpile African diamonds for industrial and military purposes—with Tempelsman as middleman—and in 1957, at the age of 27, he and his lawyer, Adlai Stevenson, traveled to Africa, where Tempelsman had begun forging ties with leaders. His contacts eventually ranged from South African revolutionary Oliver Tambo to Zaire's dictator, Mobutu Sese Seko, not to mention the influential Oppenheimer diamond family.
Today Tempelsman, who has done business in Zaire and Angola, owns an interest in a diamond mine in Ghana and last year opened a diamond-polishing factory in Botswana. According to sources, the secretive Tempelsman is "a major, major player" in Africa, the kind of person who "jets in to attend a barbecue with the president of Namibia."
Now a general partner in the family business (his father died in 1955) and CEO of Lazare Kaplan International, one of the U.S.'s oldest diamond firms, Tempelsman is also one of only 160 "sightholders" in the world, which means that 10 times a year he is permitted to buy diamonds directly from the powerful De Beers cartel. A former chairman of the New York City-based African-American Institute and a consistent contributor to Democratic causes (in the past 14 years he has donated over $160,000 to Democratic candidates and the party), he also brings his influence to bear in Washington and was especially active in 1988 when a proposed embargo of South African diamonds threatened his business.
Tempelsman's business savvy may, in fact, have been part of his appeal for Jackie. "All her life she had a fascination with pirates," says author Ed Klein, who is at work on a book about the former First Lady. "In many ways she chose two pirates as husbands, and underneath his veneer of cosmopolitanism and culture, Maurice Tempelsman is a pirate as well. To negotiate in Africa requires a man of very special talents."
It was Africa that brought the couple together. In the late 1950s, then-Sen. John Kennedy wanted to meet representatives of the South African diamond business, and Tempelsman arranged the meeting. Though Jackie and Maurice became friends at the time, it was not until after Aristotle Onassis's 1975 death that the two grew close. By the late '70s the pair were regularly sighted attending the opera or charity events together.
In 1984, Tempelsman finally left Lilly, leaving her their Upper West Side apartment and moving into the ritzy Stanhope Hotel, near Jackie's Fifth Avenue apartment. By 1988 he was living with Jackie. Although Maurice and Lilly never legally divorced, about 10 years ago, Lilly, a marriage counselor with the Jewish Board of Family and Child Services in New York City, granted her husband a "get," an Orthodox Jewish divorce. To this day, according to an intimate of Maurice's, he and Lilly have stayed in touch, maintaining a relationship that is "extrenely friendly and harmonious."
Tempelsman is also reportedly very close to his children and six grandchildren. The name of Tempelsman's 70-foot yacht, Relemar, comes from his children's initials. Leon, a graduate of the Harvard Business School, works with his father as president of the company, and Marcy designs jewelry for the firm. Family is all-important to Maurice, Leon told author Jan Pottker for Born to Power, a 1992 book on family businesses. "We did not sit around the dining room table talking about 'Gee whiz, what a great deal we made today,' " Leon said. "There are things in life much more important than business." Dinner-table chat, he added, was about ethics and art.
For Jackie and Maurice living together seemed the right thing, despite what society might have thought. "They lack the piece of paper, but there's a spiritual bond," Rose Schreiber, a cousin of Maurice's, once observed. Certainly the life Maurice and Jackie shared was filled with fine wine, good food and sparkling conversation. They often spoke French together, and the small dinner parties they held in her 15-room apartment—during which Tempelsman would get up from the table to supervise the light French sauces—included such guests as Candice Bergen and Henry Kissinger. A collector of ancient and African art with an interest in politics, theater and music, Tempelsman "is at home in almost any culture he finds himself in," said Chester Crocker, former Assistant U.S. Secretary of State for African Affairs.
His worldliness is reportedly matched by his charm. "He always has a twinkle in his eye and a wonderful smile," says one woman. "He makes you feel you were the most important person in the world." Acquaintances talk about how he always remembers to ask after their children. Former congressman Tony Coelho, a Tempelsman friend, says, "The more you talk to him, the more you like him. He is a person who can be a natural confidant."
For Jackie, of course, he was that and much more. During a vacation in Provence, France, in June 1993, Jackie "was radiant" in Tempelsman's presence, according to a friend, Yolande Clergue, who organized the trip. "They were truly affectionate. When they looked at each other you could see they were terribly in love. But it was a love also offering great serenity." Although they were not physically affectionate in public, according to Coelho, "they were natural together. Most people put her up on a pedestal, but with Maurice it was different. He didn't regard her as a trophy."
In fact, in some ways Jackie looked up to Tempelsman. He has a "close relationship" with Caroline and John Jr., according to former Jack Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen, who is also a good friend of Tempelsman's, and he helped John get summer internships in .Africa, India and at the Center for National Policy in Washington. Tempelsman's children also became close to Jackie and her family, visiting them summers on Martha's Vineyard. Tempelsman's daughter Rena once told a friend that Jackie "was like a grandmother to my children."
Jackie also turned to Maurice for financial advice. He helped build her $26 million settlement from the Onassis estate into a fortune estimated at between $100 and $200 million. He is now an executor of her estate (for which he stands to collect large fees, should he choose to accept them), which she left largely in trust to her children's heirs. When Yolande Clergue learned that Jackie was ill, she says, "I wrote to Maurice because in the couple it was Maurice who took everything in hand."
During Jackie's final days, Tempelsman rarely left her side. According to Sorensen, he set up an office in her Fifth Avenue apartment. One of Jackie's doctors says, "The level of love and respect was amazing to see. He was always holding her hand or caressing her cheek, and when they sat their heads were always close together, like a sweet older couple. You had to smile when you looked at them." But if Tempelsman was stalwart in her presence, occasionally he would let his guard down among close friends. "He'd say, 'She's suffering. You don't know how she's suffering,' " says one.
When Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was laid to rest on May 23 the public at last had an opportunity to glimpse the man Jackie loved so well. As he took his place of honor among the mourners, his bearing was dignified, the depth of his grief unmistakable. When he rose to deliver a eulogy, he chose "Ithaka," a poem by the Greek poet C.R Cavafy that allowed his audience to understand some of the delights the couple had tasted. "May there be many a summer morning," he recited, "when, with what pleasure, what joy, you come into harbors seen for the first time." Now, of course, Tempelsman must continue that voyage alone. This, according to a friend, will be difficult. "He is devastated," the friend says. "They planned on growing old together."
ELIZABETH GLEICK
MARIA EFTIMIADES and ALLISON LYNN in New York City, SANDRA McELWAINE and ROCHELLE JONES in Washington, JOANNE FOWLER in Antwerp, PETER MIKELBANK in Paris, DRUSILA MENAKER in Johannesburg
Contributors to Clinton Fund
Blood Diamonds Are Forever
A huge flawless white diamond was sold on November 14 for nearly 18.2 million Swiss francs ($16.21 million) to Guess Jeans founder Georges Marciano, who named it the “Chloe Diamond” after his daughter, Sotheby's auctioneers said.
While the hot Chloe rock is certified as a “clean” diamond, it was purchased from Angola’s state mining company, Endiama, a company involved in blood diamonds. No rock of desire of this stature—84.37 carats—comes out of Africa without organized bloodshed and suffering behind it.
“For the past 20 years, bloodshed and diamond mining have been two sides of the same coin,” said Rafael Marques, a human rights activist from Angola, “violence being explained either in the name of war or of combating illegal activities.”
Marques gave a lecture titled “Rinsing the Blood from Angola’s Diamonds” at Oxford University Africa Society in January 2007. “Today, I am here to share with you a reality of blood, and contempt for human rights, in the diamond fields [of Angola].”
Angola’s state firm Endiama is tied to the Lazare Kaplan diamond company owned by the Israeli-American Tempelsman diamond cartel. Maurice Tempelsman’s diamond interests were established in the Congo in the early 1960’s with the help of the CIA.
Sotheby's luxury conglomerate identified the seller of the “Chloe” diamond as Ron Cohen, chief executive officer of Los Angeles-based company Clean Diamonds Inc. “The stone was from Angola,” Ron Cohen reportedly told Reuters. “It has gone through the Kimberley Process and has all the certificates, it is a clean diamond.”
Most media reports described Ron Cohen “as CEO of Clean Diamonds Inc. of Los Angeles,” but Reuters identified Cohen as an Israeli diamond dealer. The company “Clean Diamonds Inc.” is not found in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission database. Clean Diamonds Inc. also lists New York and Belgium operations on its web site.
“The Kimberley Process is an organization set up by the diamond industry expressly to police trade in gems,” reported Reuters, “to prevent so-called ‘blood diamonds’ used to finance rebel groups and civil wars from coming on the market.”
However, Reuters is a mainstream international news service that supports the diamond industry by covering up crimes and structural violence that keeps Africa poor. Reuters de-links the suffering and bloodshed caused by diamond cartels in major diamond producing countries like Angola, Sierre Leone, Congo, Namibia, Botswana, Liberia, Central Africa Republic, and South Africa.
At the 2007 Oxford event, Rafael Marques described the response of the diamond industry to accusations of atrocities. “There have been shifts by the central and local authorities to address the accusations, either for damage control or simply to make more sophisticated the methods of abuse by outsourcing violence to private security companies,” he said.
The brilliant-cut “Chloe” diamond, which weighs 84.37 carats, is the second most expensive stone ever sold at auction. Sotheby’s press releases describe how Cohen held the 385-carat rough stone in his hand two years ago, before it was cut, when he allegedly bought it from Endiama.
BLOOD DIAMOND CARTELS
Sotheby’s is another company involved in blood diamonds. In 2005 Sotheby’s partnered up with the Israeli-American Steinmetz Diamond Group to form Sotheby’s Diamonds. Beny and Danny Steinmetz of the Steinmetz Group are partnered with Dan Gertler, a new White House insider considered the unofficial “Ambassador” to the Democratic Republic of Congo, a country cursed by diamonds and other minerals, where at least seven million people have died since 1996.
Sotheby’s sold 385 gems at the auction, for a total of 64 million Swiss francs, many being diamonds from the blood diamond economy. With the “Chloe” diamond sale the 2007 total for “Magnificent Jewels sold at Sotheby’s Switzerland” hit $106,019,622. French billionaire Francois Pinault owns Christie’s (London) and Sotheby’s (Delaware).
The Steinmetz/Gertler partnerships between them have controlling interests in Dan Gertler Industries, Steinmetz Global Resources, Nikanor and Global Enterprises Corporate (GEC), companies with massive diamond concessions in Kasai, and copper/cobalt concessions in Katanga, two provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The Israeli-American diamond cartels involved in Congo are seeking to displace the diamond interests in Angola run by Israel-American Lev Leviev and Maurice Tempelsman, top-level partners of the Angolan state diamond companies.
Belgian-born Maurice Tempelsman has a long and bloody history in Africa. When Congo’s first Premier, Patrice Lumumba, pledged to return diamond wealth back to the newly independent Congo in the early 60’s, Tempelsman, who began with De Beers in the 1950’s, helped engineer the coup d’etat that consolidated the dictatorship of 29 year-old Colonel Mobutu, and the coup against Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah; diamonds were at stake in each.
“I believe this was the beginning of what we now know of as conflict diamonds in the Congo,” says blood diamond expert and investigative journalist Janine Roberts, author of the book Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel. “From then on diamonds would be extensively used to discreetly fund wars, coups, repression and dictatorships, in Africa.”
Maurice Tempelsman is Chairman of the American Jewish Congress, a Zionist pressure group that claims it works closely with the Israeli military. SEC filings show that LKI directors are high-rolling Zionist lawyers and investment bankers: one director belongs to the law firm that once represented President Kennedy—another Tempelsman friend. LKI is also connected to the euphemistically named United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
The Tempelsman empire remains rock solid behind Leon Tempelsman & Sons, De Beers, and Lazare Kaplan International—supplier of Tiffany’s and Cartier’s diamonds.
THE KIMBERLEY SCANDAL
In 2003 the “international community”—a conglomeration of Group of Eight (G-8) executives “partnered” with the diamond industry—established a formal mechanism ostensibly to control the flow of conflict diamonds. The United Nations mandated Kimberley Process is a voluntary self-regulation scheme where the industry crafts ‘passport’ documents certifying all stones as conflict free.
Also in 2003 the international World Diamond Council was created by the diamond industry and the U.S. Congress passed the “Clean Diamond Act.” These three formal processes falsely assure consumers that more than 99% of rough stones today come from conflict-free sources.
Since at least 1996, the campaigns of Russ Feingold (D-WI), who co-sponsored the Senate version of the U.S. “Clean Diamond Act” passed in 2003 have been heavily funded by Leon Tempelsman & Son.
Late in 2006, as the Christmas diamond rush was approaching, the film Blood Diamond starring Leonardo DiCaprio provoked the World Diamond Council to launch a blitzkreig advertising campaign—full-page ads in the New York Times, USA Today, Los Angeles Times, the International Herald Tribune—touting the self-policing successes of the Kimberley Process. The campaign was presumably coordinated to counter the supposed “negative publicity” of the Blood Diamond film.
The Kimberly Process was launched under the narrow definition that “conflict diamonds” only originate from conflicts between ‘rebels’ and ‘governments’: it refers to smuggling by militias antagonistic to ‘legitimate’ member governments.
After the film Blood Diamond opened in the U.S., diamond sales were never been better.
“I'm wearing diamond ear rings today because they are conflict free," actress Jennifer Connelly, who stars in Blood Diamond, reportedly said. "It would be fantastic if some of these natural resources benefited more people but until that can happen we can certainly make a stand and insist that the diamonds we wear are conflict free, which doesn't mean boycotting diamonds. It just means making sure we support a more accountable Kimberly Process."
ENDIAMA’S BLOODY DIAMOND FIELDS
Artisanal diamond miners in Angola called artisanos or garimpeiros are forced into ‘illegal’ mining because Angola’s mining security companies push people off their own land. While agriculture and commerce in the region require the direct authorization of the Provincial Governor, not one artisano has been granted a license for diamond exploration or subsistence agriculture. The ‘legitimate’ government of Angola forces desperate people to resort to ‘illegal’ activities to survive but according to Rafael Marques, garimpeiros contribute more to the profits of some of the state diamond mining firms than big industrial operations.
Three private military companies (PMCs) have been targeting garimpeiros in Angola. The mercenary firms Alfa-5, Teleservices, and K&P Mineira defend Angola’s big name diamond firms like Sociedade de Desenvolvimento Mineiro (Sodiam), Sociedade Mineira de Cuango, and Sociedade Mineira Luminas. Human rights researcher Rafael Marques has recently documented more than 50 cases of PMCs arresting, beating and torturing garimpeiros. They stop garimpeiros from fishing in their rivers, growing their own food, or living traditional lives; they have forced sexual relations on family members, including same-sex rape and sodomy.
The PMCs operate behind Angola’s public diamond company, Endiama, and have exclusive rights to Angola’s diamonds. Endiama owns 99% of shares in Sodiam, which has a joint venture with Lazare Kaplan International (LKI) of the Israeli-American Maurice Tempelsman family.
Sodiam works with the Russo-Israeli Lev Leviev Group. Endiama owns part of Alfa-5, one of the PMCs that exploit and torture garimpeiros. Alfa-5 and K&P Mineira provide security for ASCORP—the Angola Selling Corporation—another Angolan monopoly.
One of ASCORP’s controlling investors, Lev Leviev, runs a global commercial empire that includes: Leviev Group of Companies; Lev Leviev Diamonds; Africa-Israel (commercial real estate in Prague and London); Gottex (swimwear) Company; 1,700 Fina gas stations in the Southwest U.S.; 173 7-Elevens in New Mexico and Texas; a 33% stake in Cross Israel Highway (Israel’s first toll road); and more. Leviev partner Arcady Gaydamak, an arms dealer, also reportedly works with Danny Yatom, a former MOSSAD (Israeli secret service) chief and security advisor to former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. Leviev is connected to Russian President Vladimir Putin, and to Sandline International, a U.K./South African mercenary firm operating in the war-torn areas of Eastern Congo and Uganda.
While participants in the Kimberley Process complained of the criminality of UNITA, the infamous rebels once supported by the CIA, but they gave the “legitimate” Dos Santos government a sparkling bill of health. Angola exemplifies the process whereby an international certification scheme enforced by the United Nations rubber stamps boxes of rough stones according to their ‘country of origin.’ Stamped ‘Angola’ the public is assured that these diamonds are now ‘conflict free,’ because these nations are members of the Kimberley certification.
The Kimberley Process was partially instituted through the work of Robert Rotberg at Harvard University. Maurice Tempelsman chairs the International Advisory Council at the Harvard AIDS Institute (HAI) of the School of Public Health. Rotberg and Tempelsman shared a panel at the Council on Foreign Relations with people like Walter Kansteiner, National Security under Bill Clinton and current director of a gold company involved in Congo’s bloody eastern zone.
Maurice Tempelsman was for decades the unofficial ambassador to Congo/Zaire; Dan Gertler has usurped that role. In 2000 Gertler was named Honorary Consul to the Congo. Beny Steinmetz may be the biggest De Beers “sightholder”. Africa Confidential called President Kabila’s 2003 visit to the Bush White House a “coup” for Gertler and Steinmetz. Gertler’s best friend is Brooklyn-born Chaim Leibowitz, a personal friend of Condoleeza Rice.
BLOOD DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER
Tempelsman and Steinmetz bought diamonds from both sides during Angola’s thirty-year war. Israeli diamond tycoons Gertler and Leviev are reportedly jockeying for power with Isabel Dos Santos, the high-rolling diamond-studded daughter of the President of Angola.
The Israel Diamond Exchange in Tel Aviv, which today brings Israel $13 billion annually in commerce, and is the country’s second-largest industry. Israel buys some 50% of the world’s rough diamonds, and the U.S. buys two-thirds of these.
Diamonds are Israel’s top export. In 2005 figures, exports to the EU totaled $10.7 billion in 2004, including $2.5 billion in diamonds (23.3%); exports to the US totaled $14.2 billion in 2004, including $7.3 billion in diamonds (51.4%); exports to Asia totaled $7.1 billion in 2004, including $3.2 billion in diamonds (45.0%); exports to the rest of the world totaled $6.6 billion in 2004, including $800 million in diamonds (12.1%).
Dan Gertler’s grandfather, Moshe Schnitzer, is known in Israel as “Mr. Diamond,” founder of the Israel Diamond Exchange in Tel Aviv. Moshe Schnitzer’s son and Dan Gertler’s uncle is Shmuel Schnitzer, Vice-Chairman of the Belgian-based World Diamond Council—the entity that promotes the false image of “clean” or “conflict-free” diamonds.
In June 2002, as the Kimberley Process was unfolding, Daniel Horowitz, CEO of IDH Diamonds, gave a speech at the 3rd World Diamond Conference titled “Rough Diamonds in a Brave New World.” IDH works with Endiama, BHP-Billiton and De Beers, another of the big diamond cartels.
“Ladies and gentlemen, it would be irresponsible to circumvent the fact that it is highly problematic, if not unfeasible, to work out a system in order to control the flow of rough diamonds around the world,” Horowitz said. “The reality is that once diamonds are mined there is almost nothing one can do in order to prevent them from reaching the market. No certification scheme can truly be reliable, not only because war-torn areas are by definition disorganized, but mainly because it is intrinsically impossible to distinguish between good and bad diamonds. Misguiding traders and consumers with untrustworthy guarantees would inevitably be demystified over time. As opposed to this, it is critical to publicize that the mainstream diamond trade is legitimate. It needs to be said again and again that conflict diamonds are an irrelevant portion of world production. And as far as humanitarian issues are concerned, the added value the industry generates worldwide particularly benefits the developing world.”
Angola remains a war-torn country selling billions of dollars worth of diamonds annually. In the past four years the government of Angola has waged a permanent war against poor people, destroying thousands of homes and taking the land in mass forced evictions. People were beaten, tortured and arbitrarily arrested. At least 1000 people die in eastern Congo every day.
Millions of blood diamonds from past and current wars remain locked in the vaults of the Belgian, Russian, New York, London and Israeli diamond bourses to insure the artificially high, monopoly-fixed, prices of diamonds.
Rafael Marques outlined cases torture, brutalization and assassinations—cases of personal brutality he investigated—that characterize diamond mining by state firms in Angola today.
“Should one, after this brief explanation,” Marques asked, “say that the extraction of diamonds in Angola is OK? What the Kimberley Process, which was designed to drive blood diamonds out of the market, is doing is to rinse the blood from the gems, extracted in [Angola] and certify them as clean.”
Related Articles
Keith Harmon Snow and Rick Hines: “Blood Diamond: Doublethink and Deception Over Those Worthless Little Rocks of Desire,” Z Magazine, June and July 2007, and Blood Diamonds at
Rafael Marques, Rinsing the Blood from Angola’s Diamonds, Oxford University Africa Society, January 26, 2007.
Keith Harmon Snow is a frequent contributor to Global Research. Global Research Articles by Keith Harmon Snow
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